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Excerpts from The chain-smoking gang

By Stephen Reucroft and John Swain, Boston Globe [07/05/99]

Researchers in Finland, England, and Canada have found that mothers who smoke during pregnancy might not only be creating unhealthy babies but jailbirds as well. Jari Tiihonen and his colleagues studied 11,017 subjects in Finland from the sixth month of pregnancy to age 28. They found that, even taking into account other risk factors, male children of smokers were twice as likely to commit violent crimes, or repeatedly engage in criminal behavior. As there was a low criminal rate among women, there was not enough data to study the effects on female children.

Source: American Journal of Psychiatry, June 1999.

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